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DESCRIPTION OF THE 



RECENT IMPROVEMENTS 



LOCKWOOD & EVERETT 



^^ril(^/<'H /d. 



(^lUui^ /. 



Steam Rendering Apparatus: 



A DISCUBSION OF THE 



SANITARY QUESTIONS 



INVOLVED IN RENDERING ANIMAL MATTER; 



Reports of Metropolitan Board of Health 



NEW YORK RENDERING CO., 

Table of Relative Pressure and Temper- 
ature of Steam, &c., &,c. ^^-fTr~ 



PUBLISHED BY 

LOCKWOOD & EVERETT, 

51 Murray Street, New Vork City. 



IKm 



-Lb 









TABLE OF RELATIVE TEMPERATURE, 




I'lREISSTJI^El j^l<TlD ^T-OlLTJl^IHi OIK' STEi^^IJVE. 




ABSOLUTE 
PRESSUEE. 

PER SQUARE INXH. 

POUNDS. 


1 
STEAM GAUGE 
EEADINGS. 

POriSTDS. 


TEMPERATUEE, 

IN DEGREES, FAHRENHEIT. 


"■ 1 
VOLUME, ! 

IN CUBIC FT., FROM ONE ; 
CUBIC FOOT OF WATER. ! 

CUBIC FEET. i 




DEGREES. 




1. 

3.(;3 




103 

150 


20,958 ': 
6,243 i 




11.58 


200 


2,118 




14.70 


0. 


212 


1,700 




15. 




212.8 


1,669. 




20. 


5. 


228.5 


1,281 




25. 
3(1. 


10. 
15. 


241. 
251.6 


1,044 
883 




35. 


20. 


200.9 


767 




4(». 


25. 


209.1 


679 




45. 


30. 


2"/('.4 


610 




50. 


35. 


283.2 


554 




55. 


40. 


289.3 


508 




i;<). 


45 


295.6 


470 




65. 


50. 


301.3 


437 




70. 


55 


306.4 


408 




75. 


60. 


311.2 


383 




80. 


65. 


315.8 


363 




85. 


70. 


320. 1 


342 




90. 


75. 


324.3 


. 325 




95. 


80 


328 2 


310 




100. 


85. 


332. 


292 




105. 


90. 


335.8 


282 




110. 


95. 


339.2 


271 




115. ' 


100. 


342.7 


259 




125. 


110. 


34 !M 


240 




135. 


120. 355. 


224 




145. 


130. 360.6 


210 




155. 


340. 366. 


198 




165. 


150. 371.1 


187 




1 1 75. 


160. ' 376. 


178 




' 185 


170. 380.6 


169 




195. 


180. 384.1 


161 




200. 


385. 387.3 


158 




500. 


485. 4/1.3 


70 j 




1000. 


985. - 548. 


38 




Note. — In marking Steam Gauge Dials, the pressure of the atmosphere, 
(14.70 lbs.), is not included. The deduction of the atmospheric pressure from 
any of the whole numbers in the left hand colurnn, leaves a fraction of ^\ of a 




pound in each of the corresponding steam gauge- readings, but in practice, this 
fraction is disregarded. 







%' 








3lr 




? ®,lEiJS)gS^M(S =4I?l?Aa^l^W^o 



.1868. 



I.^_ 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, by Lockwood & Everett, of New 
York, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. 



LOCKWOOD & EVERETT'S 

J »J «J 

FOR RENDERING AND REFINING 

LARD, TALLOW, GREASE, OILS FISH, 

BONES, cfec, &o.. 

Absolutely without Huisance or Offensive Odors. 



The engraving at the bacJ}: of this pamphlet represents the 
essential features of Rendering Tanks, formerly constructed 
by Lockwood & Everett, under their old patents. It is in- 
serted for the purpose of showing, by comparison, the 
superiority of our more recent inventions. 

Our improved and complete ' ' Steam Rendering Appara- 
tus" is shown by the lithograph at the front of this book. 
This lithograph is copied (by the photo-lithographic pro- 
cess), from a sectional working drawing of one of eleven 
sets of Apparatus erected by us for the "New York Ren- 
dering Company." The Digester of the Apparatus here 
shown will contain seven and one-half tons of animal matter 
for treatment. 

In this engraving, the Rendering Tank proper is on the 



right, and the Argand G-as Furnace for destroying the 
gases and vapors from the heated animal matter is repre- 
sented on the left, com^iunicating with, the Rendering Tank 
by the pipe J. 

The inner tank, or Digester, A, which receives the animal 
matter, is a steam tight cylinder of boiler-iron, and is en- 
tirely surrounded by the outer tank, which is of the same 
shape and material, thus forming the steam and water 
space, or "jacket," B, between. Both inner and outer 
tanks are naade of the best charcoal iron, and are tested at 
a hydraulic pressure of 100 lbs. to the square inch. 

The wrought-iron flues, C C, are 6 inches in diameter, 
and connecting the upper and lower portions of the steam 
jacket, are of course always filled with currents of steam 
and hot water ; thus presenting an extensive heating sur- 
face in the centre of the fat, or other material to be treated, 
and at the same time equalizing the temperature in and 
around the Digester. 

These flues also tie and brace the head and bottom, of 
the Digester. To further strengthen the apparatus, tie- 
rods, D D, pass through, the flues, and connect the head 
and bottom of the outer tank. 

The outer tank and Digester are also fastened together 
at frequent intervals, at their tops, bottoms and sides, by 
stay-bolts. The two tanks thus united in one, constitute 
the major part of the apparatus, and will now be termed 
the "Rendering Tank." 

The Rendering Tank is supported upon cast-iron legs, 
one of which, is shown at E. Underneath is the furnace, 
with the fire-door and draft-door at F F. 

The heats and products of combustion pass from under 
the bottom of the Rendering Tank into winding flues in the 
brickwork, G G Gr, and thence into the chimney, which is 
not here represented. 

The fat or other animal matter is introduced into the 
Digester through the filling manhole, H, and the refuse 
after melting, termed " Scrap" or "Greaves," is discharged 
from the Digester by the lower manhole, lettered in the 
engraving, " Scrap-hole." 



The swinging arm represented Avithin the Digester is a 
moveable pipe, for the purpose of drawing off the melted 
tat as soon as properly cooked, witl'out interfering with the 
steam pressure or the temperature in the Digester. One 
end of this pipe plays freely on a swivel-joint at P ; the 
other end terminates in a strainer, supported when resting 
on the melted fat by buoyant copper air-balls or floats, so 
adjusted as to keep the strainer submerged in the liquid 
fat. 

The pipe on the outside, which communicates with this 
swinging-arm, as shown at O, may be led to any conveni- 
ent place or receptacle for receiving the rendered grease. 
It is immaterial whether the receptacle for the melted grease 
is above or below the Rendering Tank, as with very slight 
steam pressure in the Digester, the liquid fat is forced 
through the pipe to any part of the building. We have 
other devices for thus drawing otf the rendered grease un- 
der pressure, but generally use the one described. 

All the steam, gases and vapor set free during the ren- 
dering process, from the animal matter under treatment, 
leave the Digester at the top by the pipe J, and pass thence 
into the 



ARGAKD GAS FURNACE. 

In this Argand Furnace, the superheating coil, K, is 
suspended within a cylindrical brick chamber, over a small 
fire, which is built in the cast-iron cylindrical fire-box, L, 
the grate being shown underneath. 

This cast-iron fire-box, or retort, embodies the principal 
features of our invention for destroying the refractory gases 
with which we are dealing. It consists of two hollow 
cylinders, of unequal diameter, open at either end. One 
is placed within the other, and the two are so united with 
steam-tight, fire-proof joints, that a narrow gas-chamber is 
left between them. Holes (shown at M M), are drilled 
through both walls of this double cylinder, and air-tubes 
are screwed in from the oatside. The ends of these tubes 
do not project through the inside walls of the double cyl- 
inder, and do not quite fill the holes in the inside walls. 



thus leaving annular apertures, or outlets, from the gas- 
chamber through the inner walls, and around the tubes, 
into the fire. The air-tubes being open at both ends permit 
air to pass freely through them to the fire. But the outer 
ends of the air-tubes terminate in a chamber in the brick- 
work, and for this purpose the air to be supplied through 
the air-tubes must be heated, and is therefore admitted 
through holes in the upper part of the brickwork to the 
heating chamber, and is raised to the required temperature 
by contact with the inner brick furnace wall. The opera- 
tion of the Argand Furnace is then as follows : the gases 
from the Rendering Tank, mixed with a large quantity of 
watery vapors, are discharg-ed by the pipe J into the super- 
heating coil K ; thence they are discharged into tlie retort L, 
where tlie mixture is further lieated to above 600'"' F., and 
then hows into the fire through the annular outlets at M M, 
around the air- tubes. These issuing jets of superheated 
gases are in the form of very thin hollow cylinders, and by 
their great velocity induce rapid currents of heated air 
through the air-tubes, to supply the oxygen needed to com- 
plete the destruction of the offensive gases. 

The question may naturally be asked whether so much 
machinery is required for the purpose of destroying the 
gases generated in heating, or rendering, animal matter t 

In answer to this, we will only say that, an inventor 
who can accomplish the desired end by simpler means will 
spend his time to excellent advantage. We have for sev- 
eral years experimented with a great many various devices, 
and have had the benefit of the attempts and failures of 
others. Our present form of apparatus, above described, is 
entirely novel and original with the inventor (C. J. Everett), 
and has not failed in a single instance to perfectly accom- 
plish its purpose. 

After several years constant test in the hands of various 
manufacturers, we are prepared to guarantee its perfect ac- 
tion in every case, and for all kinds of animal matter. 

All the various modes so often re-invented and heralded 
by the Press, of disposing of these offensive and deleterious 
gases by condensation, deodorization and burning, or by 



combinations of these, are ''old stories" with us, and were 
long since tried, found wanting and abandoned. Whether 
this, our present mode of dealing with the "fat-melting 
nuisance" is perfectly effective, may be learned from the 
Special Report of the Metropolitan Board of Health, and 
other important evidence contained in this pamphlet. W^ 
shall say more on this branch of our subject further on. 

Returning to the consideration of the whole apparatus, 
we will briefly describe its operation in Rendering. 

Cold water is first pumped into the steam jacket, B, 
until the water line is about level with the highest portion 
of the heating flues in the brickwork which surround the 
Rendering Tank. Fire is then lighted in the furnace under- 
neath. The material to be rendered, tallow, for instance, is 
then introduced through the upper manhole, H, until the 
Digester is full, taking care to previously secure the swing- 
ing arm to a hook in the Digester. The filling hole is then 
closed and secured. By this time the fire has heated the 
water in the jacket, and steam is generating, as will shortly 
appear by the Steam Gauge connected with the jacket. 
Fire is now started in the Retort of the Argand Furnace. 
As the heat from the jacket and central flues penetrates to 
the fat, it melts down, and the gases are set free, together 
with the constitutional water, which is at once converted 
into steam. The various fats contain from 8 to 10 per cent, 
of this constitutional water, and its presence adds very ma- 
terially to the difficulty of dealing with the volatile pro- 
ducts of boiling fat. The presence of a very large body 
of steam and gases from the melting fat is soon indicated 
by the pressure within the Digester, which is shown by the 
Steam Gauge attached thereto. The valve in the gas-pipe, 
J, is now opened to allow the free passage of the offensive 
gases and vapors to the Argand Furnace for consumption. 

In practice, where our apparatus is used, with tallow, 
the steam pressure in the jacket need not exceed 60 lbs., 
and that in the Digester need not be more than 40 lbs. to 
the square inch. The pressure in the ja<;ket is easily 
regulated to a pound by opening or closing the furnace- 
door. A safety valve is always attached to the jacket, but 



only as a precaution against gross negligence on the part of 
the workmen in charge. Try-cocks are also inserted in the 
jacket, so that the height of water may always be ascer- 
tained. At intervals, the quality of the rendering tallow 
is tested b}^ drawing a cupful through the delivery pipe, O. 
When found to be sufficiently cooked, the grease is drawn 
off into a coolitig vat, which may be in any convenient part 
of the building, above or below, as the steam pressure in 
the Digester forces the melted grease through the pipes 
wherever wanted. As soon as all the gases in the Digester 
have been discharged into the Argand Furnace, the lower 
or scrap manhole is opened, and the ' ' Scrap' ' removed, to 
be converted by another process into a rich and valuable 
fertilizer. If it is desirable to dry the Scrap, discharge any 
water remaining in the Digester (which has accrued from 
the constitutional water in the fat), by a pipe and cock (not 
here shown), and let the Scrap remain over night, leaving 
the passage into the Argand Furnace wide open. By morn- 
ing the moisture in the Scrap will have evaporated, and the 
residuum maybe laid away until wanted. 

In discussing the peculiar merits of this Rendering Ap- 
paratus, it is impossible to avoid frequent allusions to other 
forms of melting machinery, and their various defects. But 
the attentive reader may possibly meet with some sugges- 
tion in what follows, which will be of service to him, either 
in choosing an Apparatus, or in managing that which he 
now has. 

First, then, the LocJcwood & Everett Apparatus, as 
compared with other Steam Rendering Tanks is 

SIMPLE AND COMPACT. 

It is a complete machine in itself, and is the only Ren- 
dering Tank which does not require a separate Steam Boiler, 
with the consequent outlay and waste of heat from radia- 
tion and condensation ; cost of services of engineer, danger 
of explosion, &c. 

Secondly, Our Apparatus does its work 



THOROUGHLY AND ECONOMICALLY, 

It extiacts all the grease from tlie crude fats, and gives 
a product of the very hest quality. 

Other steam tanks receive their steam by a pipe from a 
separate steam boiler. The issue of this jet of Steam into 
the Tank at the required pressure of from 35 to 75 pounds 
produces a violent agitation of the melting fat, or other con- 
tents of the Tank, the effect of which is to constantly stir up 
the sediment and impurities which are always present in the 
crude material, and to mix them again with the fluid fat. 
The gluten, also, which deteriorates the rendered fat by 
making it solter and more liable to become rancid, is like- 
wise washed back into the fat in the same way. 

In our Apparatus, the reverse of this action takes place, 
No jet of steam is discharged into the fat, but the heat 
being transmitted to the fat equally in every direction, by 
the top, bottom and sides of the Digester, there is no cause 
of ebulition or motion of any kind, and the contents of the 
Digester remain tranquil. The impurities are precipitated, 
and the tallow or other fat rendered in our Apparatus is 
found by chemical analysis to be purer and harder than the 
best "fire-kettle" product, or that made by other Steam 
Tanks, 

It may be well here to speak of two radical objections 
to the use of the open " fire-kettle." First, the deleterious 
odors arising from melting cannot be controlled. Secondly, 
the quality of the product is not equal to the best ' ' steam' ' 
tallow, etc. In crude animal fats, the product we desire to 
obtain exists in minute cells formed by cellular tissue. The 
application of heat liquifies and expands the fat in these 
cells, and they burst. The remaining cellular and other 
tissues and impurities are more or less scorched and charred 
by contact with the highly-heated walls of the kettle, and 
"fire-rendered" tallow or other grease always contains fine 
particles of these charred tissues, together with considerable 
gluten. But for these impurities, the yield of fire-rend- 
ered grease would always fall below that rendered by 
steam. For in the fire-kettle, much of the cellular tissue 
is so hardened by dry and excessive heat that the cells 



are not broken, and a powerful press lias to be resorted 
to. Even this does not expel all the grease, and the pressed 
"Scrap" is found to be rich food for hogs and poultry. 
Whether it is economy to thus dispose of lard, tallow, etc., 
at the price received for "Scrap-cake" is a question we 
leave to manufacturers. In further comparison of the old 
"fire-kettle" with the modern Steam Apparatus, maybe 
mentioned the tedious and costly labor of constantly stirring 
the fat in the "kettle" to avoid burning; of ladling out 
the product by hand, and of afterwards pressing the Scrap. 
With our improved Steam Apparatus all this labor is saved, 
and the one man required to attend the Apparatus may 
read his newspaper, or do other work while the Tank is 
in operation. 

Thirdly, this is the only Rendering Apparatus which 
is capable of boiling, melting or 

RENDERING WITHOUT NUISANCE. 

As the time is rapidly approaching when the primitive 
methods of boiling animal matter, in which the objection- 
able odors are discharged into the atmosphere, will every- 
wliere be prohibited by Sanitary Authorities, we feel justi- 
fied in speaking very plainly upon this branch of the sub- 
ject. 

It is impossible to specifically describe the precise 
gases which enter into the combination of odors summed 
up under the title — "the fat-boiling nuisance." The ele- 
mentary bodies which compose these odors vary with the 
Jiind of fat (whether lard, beef or mutton-tallow, bone- 
grease, horse-grease, fish-oil, etc., etc.) ; with the condition 
(as to freshness) of these fats ; with the quantity oi foreign 
matter present (as tissue, blood, bone, etc.), and with the 
degree of heat applied. Sulphuretted hydrogen is almost 
always present, and with a high degree of heat (particu- 
larly with the "fire-kettle,") acroline is often noticeable. 
It is sufiicient that the odors escaping from a rendering tank 
or kettle are peculiar, so that any one familiar with them 
can readily detect and distinguish them from all others ; 



9 

that these odors are offensive, remarkably so, and to such a 
degree that they seriously affect the health of some persons. 
An odor becomes deleterious when it causes continued dis- 
taste for food, headache, nausea and depression of spirits, 
for these conditions may lead to others more serious, and 
which may become permanent. 

Before the discovery of an effectual and economical 
method of entirely preventing the offensive odors arising 
from fat melting, those engaged in such business were en- 
titled to mu.ch consideration and lenity. The occupations 
were necessary, for upon them depended the supply of 
soaps, tallow, lard, and many collateral branches of manu- 
facture, and yet no means existed of preventing the escape 
of foul odors into the atmosphere. The annoyed and in- 
censed public thought only of their grievances, and between 
the commercial uncertainties of the business, its attendant 
unpleasant features to the proprietor, and the continued 
abuse of the public and press, the renderer of fats had, in- 
deed, a hard time of it. 

All this has changed now. For a less sum than the cost 
of the old " Wilson tank," with its necessary steam boiler, 
the manufacturer is offered an Apparatus which, to its other 
merits, adds that of entire suppression of the nuisance. 
From the time the fat enters the Digester, until the render- 
ing is completed, not even a disagreeable odor is percepti- 
ble. 

Under these circumstances, it is a grave question whether 
a manufacturer has any longer a right — ^moral or legal— to 
continue to offend the senses of his neighbors by the use of 
unskillful and obsolete processes. Not only in this busi- 
ness, but in all others, the right of a small minority to peril 
the comfort and health of large communities, for private 
profit, is boldly questioned by the sufferers. 

More money is expended every year by manufacturers 
of fats, soaps, varnishes, leather, glue, lime, etc., in litiga- 
tion, in contesting the efforts of Health Boards and Courts 
to abate the nuisances, than would suffice for so perfecting 
these various manufacturing processes, that all offense and 
cause of complaint would cease. One of the " stock" argu- 
2 



10 

ments in defence of tlie old methods of conducting this 
business, is that the workmen engaged in the business are 
themselves healthy. This is true, but does not affect the 
main question whether the occupation is injurious to the 
public. The escaping gases and vapors from a kettle or 
steam tank, when first driven off, being rarified by heat, 
are lighter than the atmosphere, and so do not remain in 
the building in sufiicient proportion to seriously inconve- 
nience the workmen. But once discharged from the chimney 
into the air, these vapors are subject to ever varying wind 
currents, and as they cool fall again to the earth. We have 
detected them at the distance of three miles from the factory 
where they were produced. 

If these gases are forced directly into a fire, without 
previous preparation, they are not burned, but parting 
with some of the watery vapors with which they are mixed, 
the gases are actually more perceptible and pungent after 
such ordeal than before. If wholly deprived of their ac- 
companying water}^ vapors by condensation before burning, 
they still require superheating, as these gases are not com- 
bustible at ordinary temperatures, and even when super- 
heated, considerable oxygen must be added to ensure de- 
struction. 

To those learned gentlemen who pretend that by leading 
a jet of these gases into cold water they th-fereby "con- 
dense" {i. e., liquify) the gases, we recommend an hour's 
study of an elementary school chemistry. The cold water 
will "condense" the watery vapors, and leave the gases 
(to which the odors are due) free to rise and escape from the 
surface of the water, just as common air does when forced 
into a body of water. 

And as to theoretical absorption of any large proportion 
of these gases by great bodies of water, the practical dem- 
onstration of the theory has proved very unsatisfactory. It 
has been tried here in IS'ew York, with costly machinery, 
and with the advantage of the rapid currents and tidal 
changes of the East River, and has proved a complete fail- 
ure. 

Deodorizing these gases by the use of various chemical 



11 

agents has also been found impracticable. During a long 
course of experiments, we sought to dispose of these refrac- 
tory gases by various methods of chemical treatment, of 
condensation, and also by combinations of condensers, (both 
"wet" and "dry"), burners, exhaust pumps, deodoriz- 
ing chambers, etc. These experiments were made at our two 
factories in West 42d Street and West 41st Street, and at 
Mr. Charles Hull' s factory, in Elizabeth Street, long before 
the inventive talent of the country was awakened to the im- 
portance of the subject. The inventions we now offer to the 
public have cost us thousands of dollars and years of time, 
and we intend to fully protect our patents from infringe- 
ment. But if any experimenter wishes to go over the same 
field, we are quite willing to assist him to the extent of our 
experience and information. 

Before leaving this branch of our subject, we will state 
that the opinion entertained by many that these ofiensive 
gases arise only from rendering stale or decomposing fats, 
or animal matter, is quite erroneous. Several years ago, 
we were requested to demonstrate the truth or error of this 
notion. We procured during a winter month 500 pounds 
of pure kidney suet from oxen slaughtered but six hours 
before. It was carefully washed and all extraneous matter 
removed. It was then placed in a small and perfectly clean 
digester, with a few gallons of clean water, and subjected to 
heat. When the pressure in the digester had risen to 40 
lbs. (269'^ F.), the gas-pipe was opened into several bottles, 
immersed in cold water. When cooled, the contents of 
these bottles were so offensive that one of them freshly 
opened would scent a large apartment with the characteris- 
tic odor of the "fat-boiling nuisance." 

The same assertion may be made of lard, similarly 
treated, but it is not quite so offensive, and the odor is 
more volatile. These results are not fully attained by ex- 
periments with a pound or two of fat, heated in an open 
pan, but when dealt with in quantity the demonstration 
is complete and irrefutable. 

It is often asked whether the gases generated from de- 
composing and spoiled animal matter yield as readily to our 



12 

method of treatment as those from fresh material. To this 
we answer, that in practice, we find that the combustibility 
of the offensive gases increases as decomposition advances in 
the raw material, and hence we experience no difficulty 
whatever in dealing with refuse animal matter, howfever 
offensive it may be. 

Melters of lard and tallow are sometimes told that they 
may use some one of the various forms of tight tanks, and 
by retaining the gases within the Tank, avoid offence to their 
neighbors. Those who have tried this know to their cost 
that the retention of the gases in contact with the fat will 
utterly spoil their product. The sweetness and '' keeping" 
qualities of any grease depend upon the thorough separation 
from the rendered product of the offensive vapors. 

FourtJily, the LocJcwood cfi Evierett Apparatus is free 
from liability to 

ACCIDENT OR EXPLOSION. 

With all other steam Tanks a separate steam boiler is 
necessary, and there is therefore the risk common to boilers, 
and especially that resulting from "low water." There is 
the further danger of explosion within the tank itself. Dur- 
ing the past ten years we have known of many cases of Ren- 
dering Tanks exploding, several having occurred in New 
York, In most of these cases, investigation developed the 
following singular facts : the Tanks were of good material, 
and well braced ; none of them were being newly used, and 
in three cases which we investigated, the steam pressure in 
the Tank was quite low just before the explosion — rather 
lower than usual — and the operation of rendering had but 
lately begun. The only explanation of these explosions 
which we can offer — and we have heard of no other — is this : 
with a Tank packed very full of solid fat, the steam blown 
into it from the boiler is necessarily very slow in forcing its 
way up through the dense mass, and but a small quantity 
of fat is acted upon at a time. But if the Tank is not filled, 
the steam forced into it may attack and melt down a very 
large quantity of fat quite suddenly. Necessarily, a large 
volume of gases is simultaneously generated. These expand 



13 

with great and rapidly increasing pressure ; but the steam 
is still pouring into the Tank from the boiler, and the in- 
crease in volume and pressure from the combined steam and 
gases is so rapid that both gas-pipe and safety-valve are 
insufficient for relief, and away goes the Tank. 

In our Rendering Tank, the water and steam in the 
"jacket" are retained there ; neither water or steam being 
wasted or lost from the jacket during rendering. Con- 
sequently, "low water" in the jacket cannot occur. In 
the Digester, it is immaterial whether there is water or not ; 
on the contrary, it makes a capital "evaporating pan." As 
before stated, the pressure in the jacket can be regulated to 
a pound, and the pressure in the Digester is regulated 
by that in the jacket. 

Attention is also directed to the great strength of our 
Rendering Tank, which will resist at least doubte the strain 
endurable by any other form of Steam Tank. Both inner 
and outer Tanks are made of the best charcoal-iron, and 
when united, and fastened together by stay-bolts, and 
further secured by the tie-rods and wrought flues, riveted 
to upper and lower heads, we have a combination which for 
strength cannot be excelled. 

Among other improvements embodied in our inventions, 
are certain methods of heating and of cooling the rendered 
product. 

In cold weather especially it is often necessary to heat 
up tallow, lard, etc., after it has remained for a time in the 
" Cooler," for the purpose of drying the fat, or of packing 
in casks. And in warm weather it is often advisable to 
hasten the process of cooling. For these purposes, a steam 
coil is placed in the Cooler, and the two ends connected with 
the steam and water jacket of the Rendering Tank, so that 
a current of steam may be readily turned on from the jacket. 
This current of steam passing through the Coil quickly 
heats the contents of the Cooler, above the boiling point ol 
water if required, expelling from the fat any moisture that 
may ha\ e remained in it, and, having done its work, flows 
back to the jacket in the form of hot water. The steam 
from the jacket may be utilized for other purposes — such as 



14 

heating scalding-tubs in packing houses, &c., in a similar 
manner, so long as the water of condensation is constantly 
returned to the jacket. For cooling the fat, a connection is 
made at one end of the Steam Coil with a cold water pipe 
or rubber hose, and a discharge-cock at the other end is 
opened ; communication between the Coil aud the jacket 
being at the same time closed, the circulating cold water in 
the Coil rapidly abstracts the heat from the melted grease. 

Another method (also our own,) of cooling melted fat, 
consists in forcing it through a Coil within a vessel contain- 
ing ice. This is very convenient for lard packers. 

Some renderers of tallow consider it an objection to 
steam tanks, that the "Scrap" cannot be pressed into 
cakes ^ the same as that from the " fire-kettle." To such we 
would say that we have seen as dry, hard and solid cakes 
made of scrap from our oimi Apparatus as can be made 
from "fire-scrap." But this has never been done (within 
our knowledge), from scrap made in any of the other forms 
of steam Tanks. Mr. Stoker's letter on page 22 will cor- 
roborate this. 

In confirmation of our statements respecting the merits of 
our Rendering Apparatus, we submit the following tes- 
timony. 

The strong prejudice existing among Eastern Melters, 
previous to the introduction of our improvements, against 
Steam Tanks, and in favor of the old "fire-kettle," will be 
apparent from the frequent comj)arisons made between our 
product and that of the fire-kettle or "pan." 

From Mr Charles W. Hull, manufacturer of fine soaps 
and candles. 

New Yoek, July 12t7i, 1865. 

Office No. 32 Park Row. 
Messrs. Lookwood & Eveeett : 

Gentlemen : 
After giving your Patent Rendering Tank a long and careful trial, I have no 
hesitation in saying that it is all you have claimed for it, and that it is in every 
respect satisfactory to me. 

It absolutely does away with all smell or odor during the process, saves 
about one-half of the fuel, and makes a material saving in labor, and at the 
same time overcomes the danger of burning tallow. The yield is at least as 
good as by the old process in first quality tallow, and I think on an average 
better. The keeping qualities of the tallow are fully equal to the tallow made 
by the old or "fire-pan."' 



If) 

The business as now conducted at my melting house, 185 Elizabeth Street, 
is entirely satisfactory to the authorities, so far ns I know. 

You are at liberty to inyite any parties to visit these premises, and inspect 
the working of the Tank at any time. 

Yours Truly, 

J. C. HULL'S SON. 

Two years later Mr. Hull, in a letter to us, reiterates 
the opinions expressed in his former communication, and 
adds : — 

My experience of over two years with your Rendering Tank, has satisfied 
me, not only on the above points, but also as to its simplicity and certainty of 
operation. 

In September, 1864, we erected one of our Tanks, of 
4,000 lbs. capacity, for Messrs. C. & A. L. Brown, of New 
Haven, Conn. The following is from their letter to us : — 

New Havek, Conn., January Qth, 1865. ^ 
"After having used the Patent Tank erected for us by you, for four months, 
and having given it a thorough trial, we would say that it /«% «/iswe?'s«Z^ flwr 
expectations and your guarantees. It consumes its gases, saves us fuel and 
labor, and makes a uniform article of tallow of better quality than that made 
by the old fire-kettle process. 

Yours Respectfully, 
To Messrs. Lockwood & Everett. C. & A. L. BROWN. 

No. 37 Abattoir Place, New York, Dec. 7th, 1866. 
Messrs. Lockwood & Everett, 1 8 Piatt Street, N. Y. 

Gentlemen : 

In compliance with your request, we would state for the infor- 
mation of the trade that in September last you erected for us at our melting 
house. No. 37 Abattoir Place, in this City, one of your improved "Patent Steam 
Rendering Tanks," of three tons capacity, with your " Argand Deodorizing 
Furnace " attached. We have had your Apparatus in constant operation, and 
are entirely satisfied witJi its results. The Tallow made by it is of the very best 
quality, and brings the highest market price, either for house consumption or 
export. 

The yield is fully equal, if not superior, to the best results of the old "fire- 
kettle." The fuel consumed (coal) is the same or less than in the old process, 
and there is a positive and considerable saving of labor cond of time. Along 
experience with the old "fire-kettle " enables us to judge and speak understand- 
ingly on these points. Further, there is positively no smell or odor whatever, 
either in the Melting House or from the top of the chimney. The ' ' Argand 
Furnace " receives and entirely destroys all the mingled steam and gases from 
the Tank. Of this we have the most undoubted proof. Having access to the 
top of our chimney we cannot detect the least odor, and a woolen blanket 
placed over and covering the top of the chimney, to absorb any gas that might 
be present, when taken down was entirely free from smell. This test was made 
by the Metropolitan Board of Health in the presence of President J. S. Schultz, 
Dr. Dalton, Sanitary Superintendent, and others, and we are now running 
with the entire approval, and under the permit of said Board. The economy, 
neatness and simplicity of your Apparatus recommends it to all Tenderers of 
Tallow, Lard and Bones, and we shall take pleasure in showing the Apparatus 
to all such. Respectfully yours, 

H. WEIL & SON. 

(Note. — Our full improvements for burning tbe gases were not completed at above date, 
and were not attached to this Rendering Tank.) 



16 

Messrs. Weil & Son have recently purchased another of 
our Tanks, of greater capacity than the first, and their suc- 
cessors, Messrs. Weil & Finn, are now constantly and profi- 
tably running both Tanks. 

Messes. Lookwood & Eveeett, New York, June 27th, 1868. 

Gentlemen : 

I have been for years familiar with the different methods of 
melting Tallow, and during the past three or four years have probably bought 
by far the larger part of the Tallow exported to Great Britain and France. 

I have frequently purchased the Tallow made by Mess. H. Weil & Son, in 
your Patent Apparatus, and have shipped it on orders from Soap and Candle 
manufacturers abroad, and have reason to know that it gave entire satisfaction, 
and is as well liked, and used for the same purposes, as "fire-kettle " rendered 
Tallow. 

This has also been the experience of some of our best manufacturers here, 
( as shown by accompanying letters), and I have therefore no hesitation in say- 
ing that, when properly attended, your Apparatus will render Tallow of 
" Prime " quality in all respects. 

Very respectfully, 

JAS. W. MoCULLOH, Broker, etc. 

From Messrs. Jas. Buchan & Co., manufacturers of toilet 
and family soaps, IS'o. 190 Elizabeth Street : 

New Yoek, June 26th, 1868. 
Jas. W. MoCiilloh, Esq., 33 Broadway, 
Dear Sir : 

At your request, we have to state that we have frequently 
bought the tallow rendered by Messrs. Weil & Son, of this city, and used it in 
our manufactm-e, particularly of Candles. 

We find it fully equal to " Kettle-rendered Tallow. In all our experience it 
works as well, and makes just as handsome a manufactured article. 

Respectfully, 

.JAS. BUCHAN & CO. 

Office N.Y. Rendering Co., New York, May 2^t7i, 1868. 
Messrs. Lookwood & Everett, 
Gentlemen : 

As President of "The New York Rendering Company," I 
take great pleasure in stating that the Rendering Apparatus constructed under 
the patents we purchased from you a year ago, has worked to our entire 
satisfaction. 

As you are aware we have in that time had in use nine complete sets of 
Tanks, and we are' now erecting two more, of 30,000 pounds capacity. This, 
of itself, will show our appreciation of the Apparatus. 

I would also state that otir repairs have thus far amounted to a mere trifle. 

Respectfully yours, 

GEO. CAULFIELD, President. 



By permission of the Metropolitan Board of Health of 
New York, we reprint the following ofiicial report upon the 
process and machinery of Tlie New Torlc Rendering Co. 

This Company uses the '' LocTcwood & Emrett Appara- 



17 

tus'''' only, of Avhicli they have in operation eleven complete 
sets, capable of rendering sixty-eiglit tons of animal matter 
daily. 

Two more sets, of 30,000 pounds capacity, have just been 
contracted for, (March, 1871), increasing the total rendering 
capacity of the Company to EigMy-three tons per day. 

Other and later testimony of the officers of the Board of 
Health, as to the continued efficiency of our Apparatus in 
preventing noxious or offensive odors, will be found in the 
concluding pages of this pamphlet. 



METROPOLITAN BOARD OF HEALTH 

SPECIAL REPORT. 

UPON THE OPERATIONS OF THE NEW YORK RENDERING COMPANY, BY 
INSPECTORS MOREAU MORRIS, M. D., AND E. H. JANES, M. D. - 

E, B. D ALTON, M. D., Sanitary Superintendent. 

Sir — In compliance with your order, we have the honor to report, 
that several joint inspections, at various times, have been made of 
the rendering opei'ations now being conducted by " The New York 
Rendering Company^^ upon their boats, located at the dock at the 
foot of Thirty-eighth street, North River. 

This dock was set apart by city ordinance for the purpose of de- 
positing butchers' offal from slaughter-houses, and all dead animals 
found in the city limits. Boats j^rovided for the purpose were moored 
at this dock during the day, upon which these materials were loaded, 
until night, when they were taken down the bay to Barren Island, 
and discharged. 

In consequence of this daily accumulation, and of the delay in 
removal, this dock has been for years a most offensive nuisance. 

Accumulations of offal and dead animals, in nil stages of decom- 
position, remained thereon during the entire day, emitting inde- 
scribably noxious odors, and impregnating the atmosphere for a 
great distance. The timbers of the dock were saturated with 
exudations from this offensive material. 

Many kindred obnoxious kinds of business have gradually been 
located in the neighborhood of this dock, for a distance of several 
blocks around, until at the present time such an admixture of 
indescribable odors infects the surrounding atmosphere that it would 
require the genius of a specialist to discriminate as to their se]3arate 
origins. 

Tallow and soap-grease rendering under imperfect methods; im- 

3 



18 

mense herds of hogs, yarded, awaiting slaughter ; tripe, tongues, and 
pigs' feet, boiling and cleaning ; gut cleaning ; distilleries ; soap and 
candle factories ; boats receiving manure ; all kinds of bones, such 
as animals' skulls, butchers' scraps, hotel and house refuse, barrels 
and wagons full of refuse from public and priyate markets, as clean- 
ings of fish, rotton eggs, spoiled meats, &c., &c. ; all are congregated 
within a radius of half a mile aloag the dock, from Thirty-sixth to 
Fortieth streets, North River, 

The New York Rendering Company have located a vessel on 'each 
side of the dock, at the foot of Thirty-eighth street, which extends 
out into the river some two hundred feet. On these vessels, at a 
great expense, have been fitted up nine sets of aj)paratus, for the 
purpose of immediately suppressing the nuisance, and then utilizing 
the materia] here deposited. Butchers' offal, dead animals, and 
market refuse, are the only materials which come under their 
control. 

These accumulations, which exhaled by far the most obnoxious 
odors, from the fact of lying upon the dock during the entire day, 
exposed to the direct action of the sun's rays while in the most active 
stages of decomposition, afforded one of the greatest sources of air- 
poisoning in this locality. 

This we believe, is now being almost entirely obviated by the 
improved scientific methods adopted by this Company. 

Another offensive nuisance, that of depositing refuse boiies from 
slaughter houses, public and private markets, and the gatherings of 
bone-pickers, pertains, also, to this dock, over which this company 
has no control. This is received by other parties, who transport 
these bones daily to remote points, and with this the Rendering 
Company have nothing to do. 

The business, as conducted by this company, is as follows, viz : 
The offal brought to this dock in butcher's carts is dumped directly 
into iron tubs, provided for the purpose. These are hoisted over the 
side of the vessel, and immediately emptied into the tanks, which, as 
soon as filled, are hermetically closed, so that no further odor escapes 
therefrom. Thus, the necessity of depositing and leaving tbis most 
offensive material upon the doek is entirely obviated. 

Steam-heat is now applied, by means of a steam-jacket surround- 
ing the tank. The vapors and noxious gases evolved during the 
process of rendering, are wholly conducted by an iron pipe into a 
coil of several hundred feet in length, located in a separate furnace, 
where, becoming super-heated, they are brought in contact with the 
flame of the furnace, and being united with certain proportions of 
atmospheric air, which render them combustible, tliey are entirely 
consumed. 

This fact was thoroughly tested in various ways, by repeated 
observation, during every stage of the process, from filling to dis- 
charging the tanks, both on land and water, at various distances, 
and immediately over the chimney proper. Flannels were placed 



19 

over the mouth of the chimney at diflferent stages of the process, for 
the purpose of absorbing and detecting any odors that might escape* 
JVb odor could he detected, hut that arising from scorched flannel and 
huruing coal. 

Thus, both the nuisance attending the accamulation for twelve 
hours of this highly offensive material, at this dock, and that which 
usually pertains to the utilizing or rendering process, are rapidly 
and effectually suppressed. 

Persons who have been familiar with the conditions which have 
existed heretofore at this dock, express great satisfaction at the im- 
provement. 

With regard to the disposal of dead animals, almost the same 
plan is pursued as with the offal. 

One boat is exclusively appropriated for this purpose. Small 
animals, such as pigs, sheep, goats, dogs, cats, and poultry, &c., are 
at once deposited in the tanks. Horses and cattle are carted directly 
upon the boat, which is enclosed upon all sides ; here they are 
skinned, quartered, and immediately put into the tanks, which are 
then closed, and undergo precisely the same process as the offal- 
tanks before described. 

The average number of large dead animals daily deposited here 
is about fourteen, and the time occupied, from depositing a dead 
horse upon the deck of the boat until it is in the tank out of sight, 
is about fifteen minutes. 

By this plan, another great source of air poisoning from these 
accumulations is rapidly removed. 

AVe were informed, by persons who had charge of this dock, that 
there have been times, formerly, when as many as two hundred and 
over dead animals had remained there exposed for forty-eight hours 
before removal. From eight to ten was the daily average but a few 
weeks since ; now none are deposited upon it. 

When the contents of these tanks are sufficiently cooked, the 
steam is shut off, they are allowed to cool down, the grease is taken 
therefrom, the greaves (or scrap), after being washed, is discharged 
from the bottom of the tanks, drained, and removed upon sloops 
lying alongside, and are then transported beyend the city limits, to 
be again utilized for purposes of fertilization. 

Thus, these poisonous, destructive materials are rapidly changed 
to life-sustaining principles. . 

Frequent inspections, prolonged, at different times, during all 
the various stages of this process, on different days, standing over 
the tanks during their filling, boiling, and discharging; examining 
their construction, various connections, and plan of operations, have 
satisfied us that, so far as it is possible to suppress this offensive 
condition of the refuse of this great city, this Comp.any is 
doing it. 

At the same time it is using every endeavor to comply with any 



20 

suggestion which has been made through your officers, with refer- 
ence to minor details connected with the business, such as disinfect- 
ing, the ah'eady saturated dock, by the liberal use of sulphate of iron, 
frequent washing of the decks, utensils, and things connected with 
the business, whitewashing woodwork, &c. 

During the time of operations, there are two periods wlien there is 
an oifensive odor which escapes. These are while emptying the con- 
tents of the butchers' carts into the tanks, and during the eviscera- 
tion of the horses and cattle. 

This odor is confined to the immediate vicinity of the boats, not 
being discoverable fifty feet therefrom. 

Of one fact we are assured, that from the moment these noxious 
substances come into the possession of this Company, their offen- 
siveness is rapidly and effectually suppressed. 

The carting of butchers' offal through our crowded streets, has 
been, and is still, loudly and justly complained of, as one of those 
evils connected with the present system of slaughtering throughout 
the city. 

The necessity of tolerating this offence during cartage transport- 
ation, demands that its removal should be done as speedily as possi- 
ble. Now that, the business of slaughtering is being transferred, 
under your recent orders, near to the. shores, on both sides of the 
city, this transportation through the thickly-settled and better parts 
of "the city can be entirely avoided. To that end we would respect- 
fully suggest that the Company provide another apparatus, at some 
point on the East River side, in the vicinity of Forty-fifth Street, 
where the butchers have largely congregated, there to receive all the 
offal from that side of the city, thus obviating the necessity of cart- 
ing it across the city to this only place of deposit. 

We would, also, respectfully suggest that an order be issued by 
your Board that all offal from slaughterhouses be delivered at these 
depots, between the hours of two o'clock A. m. and ten o'clock a. m., 
every day except Sundays. The reason for such an order being, 
that, as the slaughtering is mostly done in the afternoon and night, 
this material could be delivered in the morning, and the business of 
rendering so systematized, that no accumulation, at either depot, 
need take place. At the present time a tank must be kept open at 
all times during the da}^ to receive it, as it is brought straggling 
along from six o'clock a. m. until seven o'clock p. m., much of it far 
advanced in decomposition. Several of the proprietors of large 
slaughtering establishments are willing to comply with this regu- 
lation. 

Eespectfully submitted, 

MoREAu Morris, M. D., 
E. H. Janes, M. D., 

Sanitary Inspectors Metropolitan Board of Health, 
New York, September 26th, 1867. 



21 

In the latter part of 1868 we erected one of our patented 
Rendering Tanks, of 6,000 pounds capacity, for Mr. P. M. 
Arbuckle, of No. 230 Washington Street, Newark, New 
Jersey. About the time we completed this apparatus, the 
Board of Health, of Newark, passed an ordinance, requir- 
ing all melters of fats, soap makers, etc., to "discontinue 
their business within thirty days from date. ' ' Mr. Arbuckle, 
among others, was served with a copy of this order, and 
acting under our instructions, declined to comply with its 
requirements. Suit was immediately commenced against 
him by the Board of Health, in the Mercantile Court. At 
the trial of this cause, before Judge Bigelow, some thirty 
witnesses were examined, from whose testimony we extract 
the following : 

Dr. Isaac A. Nichols, of Newark, Sworn. 

'■'■ Am '■ Health Phydcian of City of JYeicark ;' harve held that position for 
12 years. I inspected Mr. Arbuclile's factory and neic macMnery for melting 
grease, etc., while in operation, at different times, by order of our Board of 
Health. Said nothing of my intended visits to Arbuckle or others. 

I found no gases or offensive odors escaping; could detect nothing detrimental 
to health in his process of melting fats ; all the gases are consumed in the 
Apparatus used by him." 

Br. Jeremiah A. Cross, of Newark, Sworn. 

" Am a physician. Live 150 yards from Arbuckle's factory. Have exam- 
ined his process, and the new machinery recently put up. Formerly, the smell 
from his place was insufferable. Have not been troubled since he put up his 
new Tank. Have watched his new process of boiling ; have examined the top 
of his chimney to see if the gases did not escape with the smoke, and found 
there was no escape of gases. Do not think any gases cowXdi possibly escape if 
the machine is properly attended. Arbuckle's "scrap" is not offensive 
in odor." 

Dr. William 0. Gorman., of Newark, Sworn. 

"Am a physician. Examined Arbuckle's place since he got his netc ma- 
chinery for melting tallow. From the " Consuming Furnace " could detect no 
offensive odors. Examined the top of the chimney, and leaned over its mouth ; 
there was a greasy, sooty smell, but none of the offenni^e gases arising from the 
disorganisation of animal matter. From my investigation, I do not think it pos- 
sible that offensive odors could escape from the Apparatus. 

I believe that the gases from bad or rotten fat woud be destroyed in this 
Apparatus.'' 

Dr. Milton Baldwin, of Newark, Sworn. 

Testified "that in his opinion, the business of melting animal fat, as car- 
ried on by Mr. Arbuckle, with his impi'oved Rend^ering Apparatus, was not detri- 
mental to the health of the community. " 

Alderman John Bwyer, (now Police Commissioner), of Newark, Sicorn. 

"Have frequently examined Arbuckle's factory and patent Tank. I put 
flannel cloth over the top of his chimney, while he was boiling fat, to see 



if there were offensive odors escaping ; could detect nothing offensive. Alder- 
man Westervelt, Chairman of the Board of Health, was with me at the time." 

Alderman Aslhenback, of Newark, Sworn, gave similar 
testimony to that of Mr. Dwyer, after an examination of 
Mr. Arbnckle's place, in company with two other members 
of the City Council. 

Tlie verdict was gimn in favor of Mr. ArhucTde., in -the 
following language : 

" I am constrained to accept the conclusions of the medical gentlemen, and 
" to believe that whatever may have been the effect of boiling animal fat in this 
" factory, prior to the use of the Apparatus of Messrs. Lockwood & Everett., that 
" by its use all injurious effects are obviated, in the consumption of the deleterious 



"Let judgment be entered for defendant (Arbuckle) and against the 
" plaintiffs (Board of Health) with costs. 

" SAMUEL F. BIGELOW, Judge." 

Weioark, JSr. J., Feb. 20th, 186d. 



The following testimonials are of very recent date : 

New Yoek, March 17th, 1871. 
Messes. Lockwood & Eveeett, 
Gentlemen : 
I have been using your Patent Rendering Apparatus since December, 1870. 
I am acquainted with the different modes of rendering Tallow, and cordially 
recommend your Apparatus as superior to all. 

It is safe, sure and economical. I make a superior article of Tallow, and 
get the very best price for it. The yield is entirely satisfactory. There is no 
offensive smell from the Tank in my melting-house, or from my chimney. 
One of the advantages of your Tank over any other Steam Tank is that the 
Scrap can be pressed. I am now pressing all my Scrap into cakes, the same as 
" fire-scrap,"' and sell it readily at paying prices. 

Respectfully yours, 

RICHARD STOKER. 

New Yoek, March 20th, 1 871. 
Messes Lockwood & Eveeett, 51 Murray St., No. 67 Broad St. 

Gentlemen : 
As a broker in Tallow, I have long been familiar with the various brands of 
Tallow sold in this market, for export and for home consumption. I have sold 
for Messrs. H. Weil and Son, and their successors, Messrs. Finn & "Weil, all the 
Tallow rendered by them for the past four years, and am also broker for Mr. 
Richard Stoker. These firms both use your Patent Rendering Apparatus, and 
none other. 

The Tallow made by them is of strictly Frime quality, and I constantly get 
the highest market price for it. 

Most of this Tallow is exported to Europe, and it is so well liked that the 
foreign consumers frequently insist upon having the tallow rendered in your 
Apparatus, and so word their orders 

Yours respectfully, 

G. VANDENHOVE, Broker. 



23 

New York, March l%th, 1871. 

Cor. First Ave. and 47th St. 
After many years experience with the old methods of Tallow Rendering, I 
purchased the right to manufacture and use one of Lockwood & Everett's Ren- 
dering Tanks, to render 10,000 pounds a day. I have used this Tank constantly 
for about a year, and 1 am satisfied that it is t?ie very best form of Rendering 
Apparatus. My Tallow is hard, bright and perfectly sweet, and brings the 
highest market price, both for city use and export to Europe. 

The pield is large, (large)' than by the old method), and the Tallow is always 
the same. The Tank is easily managed, works economically, and does not get 
out of order. I would not return to the oldproceas under any circumHtances. 

HENRY EISNER. 

The Rumford CTieiiiical Works ^ of Providence, R. I., 
2^j\.dL Messrs. Goodioin, BeJir & Co., of St. Louis, Mo., have 
recently purchased four sets of our Patented Steam Ren- 
dering Apparatus ; but as they are not yet in operation we 
defer the presentation of any testimonials from these parties 
until another edition of our pamphlet. 

Samples of the Tallow made in our apparatus by Messrs. 
Stoker, Weil & Eisner, and of other products of our Tanks, 
may be seen at the office of Mr. Gr. Yandenhove, No. 67 
Broad Street, New York. 



SPECIAL NOTICE. 

Our terms for the use of the improved Rendering Appa- 
ratus, described herein, have been largely reduced at this 
date. 

For estimates of cost of Apparatus, and other required 
information, address 

LOCKWOOD & EYERETT, 

Patentees for United States and Europe, 

51 Murray Street, New York, 

Near City Hall and new Post OflSice. 
RADCLIFFE B. LOCKWOOD, 
CHARLES J. EVERETT. 



u 



THE 



New York Rendering Comfy 

AXD THE 

HEALTH AUTHORITIES. 



We have received so many enquiries respecting the 
methods and business of this Company, that we will en- 
deavor to state concisely its object, and its relations with the 
public and the Board of Health : 

This Company was organised in 1867, for the sole pur- 
pose of rendering and utilizing the material received, under 
a contract with the City of ISTew York, by which the JVew 
Fork Renderiiig Com^Kiny agrees to collect, receive and re- 
move all the refuse animal matter produced within the City. 

Under this contract, the Company receives annually 
several thousand dead horses, and all other dead animals 
unfit for human food ; thousandvs of tons of slaughter-house 
offal, market refuse, &c., &c. 

The final disposal of so vast a quantity of perishable 
matter, the detention of which involves the gravest danger 
to the public health, has always been a perplexing problem 
in great cities. 

The former holders of this contract undertook to remone 
the raw material to a distant point, and there render and 
utilize it, using the ordinary forms of Steam Tanks. This 
plan proved unsuccessful, and very disastrous to the con- 
tractors. 

The New YorTc Rendering Company liave made the con- 
tract profitable, by using the improved machinery of Lock- 
wood & Everett. The machinery and processes of the Com- 
pany were frequently examined and a.pproved by the 
Metropolitan Board of HeoMli, of New York. 

The Board of Health finally determined to banish from 
the City, fat-melting, soap boiling, and all manufacturing 
operations of a similar nature. But whenever the attempt 



25 

was made to enforce tlie orders of tlie Board of Health, 
great complaints arose on tlie jyurt of the fat meUe7's, because 
the ISTew York Rendering Company was not required to 
cease rendering also. 

To avoid the appearance of partiality, this company was 
included in the order for removal, and on several occasions, 
during 1869 and 1870, was compelled to show cause wJiy it 
should be excepted from the rule. On these occasions, it 
was demonstrated that the material rendered is a necessary 
product of a great city, and that unavoidably much of it 
reaches the company in a very offensive condition. But 
overwhelming proof was repeatedly produced that during 
the operation of rendering in the Lockioood & Everett Ap- 
paratus, used hy this company, alt nuisance ceased. 

On this point, the Company was quite satisfied to rest its 
proof upon the the testimony of gentlemen connected loith 
the Metropolitan Board of Health. 

To corroborate our statements, we present below some 
of the testimony, and other proof, referred to. 

From a letter to Lockwood c& Everett, by 3fr. Jackson S. 
ScJiuUb, the first President of the Metropolitan Board of 
Health, of New York, dated Feb. 25th, 1867 : 

There can be no objection, so far as I can see, for you to have a permit 
to try out animal matter on board of a barge at the foot of Thirty-ninth Street, 
N. R. , provided in the process no oif ensive odors are permitted to escape into 
the external air ; and if conducted on the plan of superheating tlie vapors and 
then burning them, as is done by H. Weil & Son, such odors would, in my judg- 
ment, be effectually deodorized. 

The apparatus referred to, in use by " H. Weil & Son," 
was erected by Lockwood & Everett, under their patents. 

Extract from a letter from Dr. Elisha Harris, (then) 
Sanitary Superintendent of the Metropolitan Board of 
Health, dated November 3rd, 1868, addressed to the Health 
Physician of the City of Newark, N. J : 

" I am certain that it can now be shown that 

fat melting can be conducted without offense, or with no detriment to the 
public health. 

" The only restriction that is essentially important, is that which compels 
the employment of the apparatus which will invariably consume all the gases 
that are produced in the process of melting." 

The Apparatus here referred to, and the only Rendering 
Apparatus which "consumes its gases," is that of Lock- 
wood & Everett. 



26 



A year later, Dr. Harris in giving liis testimony under 
oath, in Ms official capacity as Sanitary Superintendent of 
the Board of Health, said : 

'' The New York Rendering Company have done far more to perfect this 
work, and avoid offense, than the public are aware of. They have carried 
out every request and suggestion of the Board of Health, conscientiously and 
carefully to a very remarkable degree 

"The main object, or final use, of the New York Rendering Company is 
the preservation of the public healtJi. 

"The apparatus used by this Company for the combustion of the gases is 
the best within my knowledge ; it does this as well as it can possibly be done.'" 

The testimony of Dr. Harris, as well as that of many 
other witnesses, proved that, while the New York Render- 
ing Company never rendered or worlced at night, most of 
the other establishments do melt at night, and that it is at 
night the foul smells are at their worst ! 

The general opinion entertained by the members of the 
Metropolitan Board of Health respecting our apparatus, may 
be inferred from the fact that Section 5, of the permit 
granted by the Board to the New York Rendering Com- 
pany, reads as follows : 

Seo. 5. The process of rendering shall be conducted in steam-tight tanks, 
from which there is no escape of vapors, except through a super-heating furnace, 
so constructed as to effectually destroy all offensive vapors. 

Ours being the only apparatus of the kind used in New 
York, or elsewhere. The same provision was afterwards 
incorporated in an Ordinance, passed July 1st, 1870. 

New York, March 23d, 1871. 
Messrs. Lookwood & Eveeett, 51 Murray St., 
Gentlemen : 
In answer to your inquiry of this date, as to my opinion of the machinery 
for melting or rendering fats, known as the " Lookwood & Everett Apparatus." 
I would reply, that 1 closely watched the operation of your Tanks, then in use 
by the New York Rendering Company, and others, while I was officially con- 
nected witn the Metropolitan Board of Health, during the years 1868 and 1869. 

The New York Rendering Company labored under many disadvantages in 
utilizing the immense quantity of dead animals and offal received under their 
city contract. And while I often felt obliged to exercise severity toward that 
concern in the discharge of my official duty, I cannot but admit their successful 
efforts to improve upon former methods of disposing of such material, and to 
lessen the offense which unavoidably attends the accumulation of lai'^e quan- 
tities of animal refuse. 

Whatever fault may have been found with this Company on my part, loas 
not due to imperfections in their Bendering Apparatus. During repeated per- 
sonal examinations of the Apparatus, I was never able to discover any offensive 
odors during the rendering process, and I believe that, when properly worked, 
your Tanks accomplish all that you claim for them. 

Very respectfully yours, 

GEO. B. LINCOLN, 
Late President Metropolitan Board of Health. 



27 

The " Special Rejjort" upon the business and machinery 
of this Company, presented to the Board of Health in 1867, 
by Doctors Morris and Janes, is printed elsewhere in this 
pamphlet, and we will quote but one more official document 
upon this subject, of late date, reminding the reader that 
the Rendering Apparatus referred to in the Report, as in 
use by "Henry Weil," is erected under our patents : 

BuEEATJ OF Sanitary Inspection, 
Health Department City of New York, 
May 31, 1870. 
Emmons Clark, Secretary — Sir : 

" In compliance with the resohition of the Board as follows : "Resolved, 
That the City Sanitary Inspector be instructed to report, at the next meeting of 
this Board, on all fat melting and bone boiling nuisances, and upon the condi- 
tion of the dock and boats of the New York Rendering Company, " I have the 
honor to report the most prominent of these places have been visited and in- 
spected, and the following conditions were found : 

" Upon the dock proper, foot of West Thirty-eighth Street, and alongside 
thereof, is located the New York Rendering Company's Works. The dock and 
buildings thereon, and all of their surroundings, appear to be kept in great care, 
no decaying or putrifying matter or offensive odors were discovered other than 
those of carbolic acid. "Upon the boat appropriated for dead animals, which 
is enclosed upon all sides, there were dead animals being dismembered, and 
rapidly disappearing into the tanks. Upon opening each animal there was 
some effluvia escaping, which was apparent only while upon the boat ; it was 
not detected at any distance from the boat ; no gases from the rendering pro- 
cess could be at any visit detected. Upon one boat used in rendering butchers' 
offal, and other market refuse, a slight odor of decomposition, combined with 
the carbolic acid odor, was perceptible. The removal of the scraps is now so 
conducted that the least possible odor can escape, it being cooled and disinfected 
to that degree, and being transferred in such a manner into the receiving boats, 
as to avoid the escape of offensive odors. From the rendering tanks no offensive 
odors escaped. The gases therefrom, are so thorougJdy consumed that none escape 
into the atmosphere. 

" At Nos. 9 and 10 Abattoir Place, in West Thirty-ninth Street, was found 
the tallow rendering establishment of Henry Weil. Here thorough cleanliness 
was always observed ; no offensive odors could at any time be detected ; pro- 
cess is by tight tanks and the gases are thoroughly consumed after being superheated. 
At this place the question of entirely controlling the escape of offensive odors 
in this business is satisfactorily settled, and from my experience with this busi- 
ness in all of its details, I am satisfied that this desirable end can be accom- 
plished, as is done at this place. 

" In conclusion, from the facts obtained during the past 
week's inspection, and my knowledge of the business here- 
tofore, there is but one deduction — yIz., that the process of 
'rendering' without causing offense to the public can be 
conducted (so far as is at present known in this city) oQily 
by the apparatus employed at Mr. Weil's place, Nos. 7 and 
9 Abattoir Place, and the Wew York Rendering Company, 
and this is by the entire combustion of all gases eliminated 
during melting. 

" These gases cannot be entirely condensed by water, neither deodorized by 



1 



28 

any known material ; they can only be suppressed for the moment ; but passing 
from the condensers into the sewers, and from thence into the river, they are 
again set free and wafted by wind currents in various directions. Hence the 
source of the nuisance so long complained of, which, although so apparent at very 
considerable distances from this locality, yet upon inspection at individual 
premises is so difflcult precisely to locate. 

MOREAU MORRIS, City Sanitaiy Inspector. 



A new, speedy and inoffensive method of converting Steam Scrap 
into the vahiahle fertilizer, known as Superphosphate of Lime, has 
lately been perfected and patented by a gentleman well known in 
connection with Agricultural Chemistry, and of long experience in 
the manufacture, as well as the use of commercial fertilizers. By 
this process all the valuable properties of the material, both solid 
and liquid, are preserved. The pecuniary value of such refuse, when 
utilized by the process referred to, may be estimated from the fol- 
lowing analysis (by Prof. C. F. Chandler), of Scrap, from the New 
York Kendering Company : 

"Laboeatoey op the School op Mines," 
Columbia College, 

NewYoek, Nov. 25, 1868. 
" The samples of Scrap and Soup from the Works of the New York Ren- 
dering Company, marked ' Liquor from Horse-meat Scrap,' ' Liquor from OfEal 
Scrap,' 'Horse Scrap,' and 'Offal Scrap,' submitted to me for examination, 
yielded as follows : 

In One Hundred Parts. 

MEAT SOUP. OFFAL SOUP. HORSE SCRAP. OFFAL SCRAP. 

Water 86.40 93.37 41.49 60.22 

Ammonia 1.46 .59 8.02 3.09 

Phosphoric Acid 17 .27 8.07 1.42 

Organic Matter 11.97 5.77 42.42 35.27 

100 100 100 100 

In 1,000 Gallons. In 3,34* Pownds. 

Ammonia 126 lbs. 50 lbs. 180 lbs. 69 lbs. 

Phosphoric Acid.... 14| " 23 " 181 " 32 " 

Value of l,0O0 Qallons; Of 2,340 Ponnds. 

For Ammonia $22.68 $9.00 $32.34 $12.45 

For Phosphoric Acid 1.83 2.87 5.87 1.03 

$24.51 $11.87 $38.21 $13.48 

"C. F. CHANDLER, 
'•'■Professor of Analytical and Applied Chemistry.^' 

Having been appointed sole agents for the introduction of the 
above process, we shall be pleased to answer any inquiries re- 
specting it. LOCK WOOD & EVEEETT, 

51 MuKRAT Street, N. Y. 



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